Download PDF by Th. Mulder-Krieger, R. Verpoorte (auth.): Anthocyanins as Flower Pigments: Feasibilities for flower

By Th. Mulder-Krieger, R. Verpoorte (auth.)

To date, numerous chances exist to alter the genetics of vegetation together with classical breeding and smooth molecular organic ways corresponding to recombinant DNA recommendations and plant trans­ formation equipment. the purpose of this booklet is to check the feasibilities, provided via the present applied sciences, to switch flower shades. as a result of the nice significance of anthocyanins as flower pigments, the most a part of this learn bargains with this classification of flavonoids liable for so much red-, crimson- and blue colors. Being electron poor, the flavylium nucleus of the anthocyanins is very reactive and undergoes - based upon pH - conveniently structural differences that are coupled with color adjustments. a couple of mechanisms that stabilizes the colored - at rate of the colourless constructions in vegetation are defined, together with acylation, co pigmentation and steel advanced formation. simply because no plant species possesses the genetic skill for generating types within the complete spectrum of colors, guy has hunted for easy methods to switch the genetic homes of crops. in recent times, traditional flower breeding is progressively more being supplemented by way of genetic engineering options. This know-how deals the prospect to insert particular genes into the cellphone genome and to move genes so much successfully among various organisms. the typical flower pigments, the anthocyanins, were studied for a few years and signify now the easiest understood staff of secondary plant metabolites with appreciate to (bio)chemistry and genetics.

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Extra info for Anthocyanins as Flower Pigments: Feasibilities for flower colour modification

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Chalcone isomerases have been isolated and purified from various plants. In Petunia hybrida, Jonsson and co-workers (1984e) reported that this enzyme was evenly distributed between the epidermal and mesophyll tissue of mature flowers. The determination of its molecular weight, substrate specificities and kinetic properties have been reported. The enzyme does not require cofactors for activity. Low concentrations of the end product, (2S)-flavanone, inhibit the chalcone isomerase activity (Wong, 1976; Hahlbrock, 1981; Heller and Forkmann, 1988).

Biosynthesis offlavonoids. Chalcone- ,flavanone- and aurone fonnation. 1. 1. List of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the various flavonoid classes shown in Fig. 1. Enzymes 2, 3 and 4 belong to the general phenylpropanoid metabolism Number 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Enzymes Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Phenylalanine ammonia -lyase Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase 4-Coumarate:CoA ligase Chalcone synthase Chalcone isomerase 2-Hydroxyisoflavone synthase (2S)-Flavanone 3-hydroxylase Flavone synthase Flavonoid 3' -hydroxilase Flavonoid 3' ,5' -hydroxilase Flavonol synthase Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase Flavan-3,4-cis-dioI4-reductase Anthocyanidinlflavonol 3-0-glucosyltransferase Anthocyanidin methyltransferase Both flavonoid precursors are derived from carbohydrates.

In carrot plants too, the distribution of these two CHS isoenzymes was tissue-specific: the form with a molecular weight of 40 kDa/subunit was restricted to purple petals of the inflorescence and the other form (43 kDa/subunit) to leaves (Gleitz and Seitz, 1989). , 1991). 2a Formation of Flavanones Stereospecific cyclization of the CIS chalcone by action of chalcone isomerase (CHI) provides the first flavonoid, the (2S)-flavanone naringenin (Fig. 1). The enzyme has been studied thoroughly and the stereochemistry of this equilibrium reaction has been clarified.

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