By A.R. Gourlay
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These are questions that have been debated for thousands of years. Neither philosophers nor physicists have come to any consensus. Albert Einstein is noted for his insistence that God “does not throw dice” when confronted by the theories of quantum mechanics, which describe nature as functioning in a random way. Someone who has a “chance” encounter that leads to significant changes in their life may be inclined to believe that they just have good luck, or they may want to believe instead that such coincidences are in some way predestined.
Chapter 2 Summary Probability is the mathematical study of random behavior. Probability uses the precise and exact methods of mathematics to find patterns in chaotic and unpredictable situations and in outcomes governed by chance. Introduction to Probability and Its Applications 21 If all outcomes of an experiment are equally likely, and some of them are successes, the probability of a successful outcome is number of successful outcomes number of possible outcomes This is a theoretical probability because it is based on an assumed understanding of the situation.
This law says that in a sequence of two or more instances of the same operation, it doesn’t matter which one is done first. In arithmetic, addition and multiplication are associative since (a ϩ b) ϩ c is the same as a ϩ (b ϩ c) and (a ϫ b) ϫ c is the same as a ϫ (b ϫ c). • Associativity of Union: (A » B) » C ϭ A » (B » C ) • Associativity of Intersection: (A « B) « C ϭ A « (B « C) • Distributivity. In arithmetic, multiplication is distributive over addition, a ϫ (b ϩ c) ϭ a ϫ b ϩ a ϫ c for all numbers, but addition is not distributive over multiplication since, for example, 3 ϩ (2 ϫ 5) is not the same as (3 ϩ 2) ϫ (3 ϩ 5).
