By Peter Alan Lee, Thomas Anderson (auth.)
The creation of a brand new model of any e-book is a frightening activity, as many authors will recognize. within the box of laptop technological know-how, the duty is made much more daunting by way of the rate with which the topic and its assisting expertise circulate ahead. because the ebook of the 1st variation of this publication in 1981 a lot learn has been carried out, and lots of papers were written, just about fault tolerance. Our goal then was once to offer for the 1st time the rules of fault tolerance including present perform to demonstrate these rules. We think that the rules have (so some distance) stood the attempt of time and are as applicable this day as they have been in 1981. a lot paintings at the useful purposes of fault tolerance has been undertaken, and strategies were constructed for ever extra advanced events, comparable to these required for disbursed structures. however, the elemental rules stay the same.
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Extra info for Fault Tolerance: Principles and Practice
Example text
In a file system, for example, an erroneous transition would occur if, by some means, an entry in the directory of files was corrupted. Failure of the system would not occur until the corrupted entry was accessed, which could SYSTEM DEPENDABILITY AND RELIABILITY 37 be much later. The state of the file system would be valid prior to the damage to the directory, and erroneous subsequently. The above discussion is intended to reflect the situation when, after a system failure, the history of system activity is scrutinized in order to identify the cause of that failure.
Suppose that this divergence occurred when the system entered state si. The transition from si_1 to si must then be considered responsible for the eventual failure of the system, and can therefore be regarded as erroneous. All of the other transitions can be considered to be valid since they are not held responsible for the failure of the system. States s1' ... , si_1 are clearly valid but all of the states si' ... , sn are erroneous since the system should not have entered those states. In a file system, for example, an erroneous transition would occur if, by some means, an entry in the directory of files was corrupted.
Of course, a single specification could be applied to the system, imposing requirements on all of these separate aspects of behaviour. The relative severity of failures can be indicated by means of multiple specifications, each in turn imposing less stringent (but more important) requirements on the system. The last specification in this hierarchy imposes only essential requirements - in consequence a failure is correspondingly severe. The first specification is comprehensive - behaviour which deviates from this specification but from none of the others will constitute a relatively minor failure.