By J. L. B Smith, Margaret M. Smith, Phillip C. Heemstra
A reprinted version of a piece at the sea fishes of Southern Africa, containing new species descriptions and additions and corrections to the textual content.
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Extra resources for Smiths’ Sea Fishes
Sample text
Malacosteus) have large headlight photophores that emit red light. Most deep-sea fishes are unable to see red light, but Malacosteus has the retinal pigment necessary to perceive red light and is thus able to illuminate its prey with light that the prey cannot detect. It seems that fishes have anticipated the development of the infrared night vision devices that were invented for use by military forces. Bioluminescence in fishes serves a variety of functions. Light organs may be used as lures on the end of barbels or fishing rods.
Octopus. Large active prey are subdued by the octopus with venom produced by the salivary glands and introduced through bites of the beak-like jaws. Although there is a small species in Australia that can deliver a fatal bite, the bites of the South African species apparently give only a slight burning pain and the small double puncture wounds are difficult to heal. Stabs. Most stabs by fish spines are painful, but some fishes have toxic mucus or venom on their spines. Among these with venomous spines are the stingrays, Family No.
Air breathing is best developed in freshwater fishes like the lungfishes, which have developed lungs as well as gills. There are a few marine fishes that use aerial respiration to supplement the oxygen gained from water respiration. In freshwater eels (Anguilla), about 10 per cent of the oxygen uptake is normally through the skin, but if the eel is in air some 66 per cent of its oxygen is taken in through the skin and the rest is brought in through the gills. The mudskipper (Periophthalmus) is also able to live for long periods in air, and it acquires oxygen in the same way as the eel.