By Larry L. Hench
Content material:
Preface
, Pages vii-viii
1 - The Concept
, Pages 1-7
2 - Sol-Gel Kinetics
, Pages 8-23
3 - Aging
, Pages 24-32
4 - Drying
, Pages 33-42
5 - Stabilization
, Pages 43-62
6 - Densification
, Pages 63-69
7 - Laser Densification
, Pages 70-79
8 - Gel-Silica Optics
, Pages 80-96
9 - Porous Gel-Silica Optical Matrices
, Pages 97-116
10 - organic Implications
, Pages 117-132
11 - know-how move of Gel-Silica Optics
, Pages 133-150
Acknowledgment
, Page 151
References
, Pages 152-163
Index
, Pages 164-168
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Additional resources for Sol-Gel Silica. Properties, Processing and Technology Transfer
Sample text
5-6. Thus two gel-silicas with the same bulk density, but different pore radii, have distinct ultrastructures and physical properties, as shown earlier. For larger pore matrices, the environmental stability and resistance to water-enhanced fracture increases rapidly with increasing pore radius. The boundary between environmentally stable matrices and unstable gel-silica matrices is shown in Fig. 5-6 by the heavy black line. The location of the boundary was determined experimentally by Jim Kunetz by immersion of 2 cm x 4 mm gel-silica samples with various densities and mean pore radii in distilled water, following outgassing at 150~ for 2 hours and a He purge for 30 minutes.
With sufficient stabilization, a porous gel-silica matrix can withstand the very high pressures ofwater that exist inside pores of<50 A radius (Fig. 5-10). This analysis gives rise to the environmental stability relationship of porous gel-silica matrices shown in Fig. 5-10 and is consistent with the MO model of pore wall stability developed by West, et al. [99] 60 Sol-Gel Silica (A)~B ) AM1 (A)~B) ) PM3 (D) ( AM1 (D) (E PM3 o O O HYDROGEN OXYGEN SILICON (a) (Cont 'd next page) Figure 5-9. (a) Plan view of AM 1 and PM3 optimized silica rings: (A) 2-member ring, (B) 3-member ring, (C) 4-member ring, (D) 5-member ring, and (E) 6-member ring.
It is necessary to eliminate volatile species prior to pore closure and to eliminate density gradients due to nonuniform thermal or atmospheric gradients. Initially, gel-derived glasses were made by melting or hot processing. [38] The feature of the sol-gel process that was exploited in early studies was the molecular scale homogeneity of the gels, which helped prepare glasses which ordinarily devitrify at low temperatures. Only in the last few years has it been possible to control gel ultrastructure to the degree necessary to produce fully dense (Type V) gel-silica monoliths with properties equivalent to high temperature glass processes.
