Download e-book for iPad: Ultrasound: Medical Applications, Biological Effects, and by Wesley L. Nyborg (auth.), Michael H. Repacholi, Martino

By Wesley L. Nyborg (auth.), Michael H. Repacholi, Martino Grandolfo, Alessandro Rindi (eds.)

This quantity comprises the lectures provided on the overseas institution of Radiation harm and security on the "Ettore Majorana" Centre for Sci­ entific tradition in Erice, Italy, September 6-15, 1985. The 6th process the varsity, entitled "Advances in functions, organic results, and Dosimetry of Ultrasound," supplied an in-depth evaluate of all elements of extremely­ sound interactions and their organic results on dwelling structures, permitting an evaluation of the risk strength of many of the purposes of extremely­ sound. specific reference used to be made to attainable well-being dangers linked to clinical ultrasound publicity due to the fact this use is via a ways the main common. because the preliminary software of ultrasound to submarine detection, scientific diagnostic and healing functions became most important during the last twenty years. The query of safeguard of this actual agent is an incredibly vital one. in lots of industrialized international locations so much pregnant ladies obtain no less than one diagnostic ultrasound exam earlier than the delivery of the kid. hence, capability dangers to the fetus are of top situation. This challenge has been irritated through the truth that the scientific diagnostic functions of ultrasound have some distance outpaced examine efforts on organic results. one other compounding issue of shock to clinicians and scientists has been using better and better intensities by way of the brands of ultrasound gear, quite better height pulse intensities.

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The scattered intensity is therefore proportional to the fourth power of the frequency. Thus scattering increases significantly with increasing frequency. ABSORPTION In addition to the energy losses due to reflection, refraction, divergence, and scattering effects, the intensity of a sound beam attenuates because part of the vibrational energy of the particles is converted into heat. This absorption of energy takes place through a variety of mechanisms, mainly by viscous loss and relaxation processes.

Ziskin Professor of Radiology and Medical Physics Temple University Medical School 3400 N. Broad St. Philadelphia, PA 19140 There exist a large variety of important applications of ultrasound in medicine today. The applications can be divided into three major categories: surgical, therapeutic, and diagnostic. For these categories, an important distinguishing physical feature is the intensity level utilized. 8 - 15 MHz. The choice of frequency used in any specific application is based on considerations of sound absorption, adequate penetration and, in diagnostic applications, adequate resolution.

A magnetostrictive material is composed of magnetic domains which are oriented at random in the absence of a magnetic field. Electron spins are more or less parallel within a domain, giving rise to its magnetism. The application of an external magnetic field tends to change the oriention of the spins by the rotation of the domains, and it is this rotation which causes the change which occurs in the dimensions of the material. The mechanical strain depends on the square of the magnetic field. The ability of a magnetostrictive transducer to convert electrical to mechanical energy, and vice versa, is measured by its magneto mechanical coupling efficiency (Wells, 1977) km• This is defined by ki=(stored mechanical energy)/(tota1 stored energy).

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