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Example text
Day). 15 Minimum night flows as an indicator of leakage and wastage The minimum night flow (MNF) to a section of the distribution system can act as an indicator of distribution leakage and consumer wastage in the section. 00 when flow testing takes place and this has to be deducted from the M N F recorded. 9 shows the lowest night flows found to small residential areas which can be taken as comprising legitimate night domestic demand plus unavoidable consumer wastage from dripping taps. However, the larger the test area metered the more likely it will include night-time consumption for such a s - hospitals, nursing homes, police and fire stations, railway stations, airports, clubs, etc.
19) it was found that, of 200 meters withdrawn annually for testing, approximately 20% had failed, most by under-recording; about one-sixth of them due to blockages from particles in the flow. iv Estimates of the under-recording of supply meters reported by undertakings in England and Wales for 1998-99 are mostly 3-4%. 6%, respectively. 11 Generally 3% under-recording would be considered an average for semi-positive meters and 5% under-recording for inferential meters; but if meters are over 10 years old and have not been regularly removed for testing and refurbishment, substantially greater under-recording must be suspected.
0 / 40 50 60 70 i I -. -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : /I-- ....... . . . . ,i I 80 I 90 I 100 I 110 I I 120 130 I/h 7" litres/hour _, ~ 3000 I/h max. J " Inferential meter performance class B "~ I ~Rotary piston meter performance Class C f Test results t Both meters 15 mm size, maximum rating 3000 I/h Fig. 3 Performance of two types of small water meters at low flows (as WRC Report TR 221 1984). exceed 5% under-registration at flows below 30 1/h and Class C meters at flows below 15 1/h.
